{"id":70,"date":"2020-07-05T19:42:30","date_gmt":"2020-07-05T19:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dahrogforoil.com\/?page_id=70"},"modified":"2020-07-14T15:51:30","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T15:51:30","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dahrogforoil.com\/en\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"General information about cars"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Basics of lubrication of motors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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** Cross sections of the lubrication cycle of motors<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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First: an internal cross section<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Second: a cross section of the entire engine<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Third: The complete lubrication cycle of the engine:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lubrication and cooling cycle of a large diesel engine:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Grigid lubrication \/ starting varnishes that destroy the engine<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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After the first stage to remove varnishes and dirt, which hinders the good operation of the engine<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Diesel engine fuel injection cycle:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Diesel Engine Fuel Injection Cycle Inserts:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Diesel engine fuel injection system:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Engine lubrication cycle<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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How the combustion engine works.<\/p>

We know that engine oils must be changed from time to time.<\/p>

The first task of the engine oil is to keep the lubricated parts so that they do not dry out.<\/p>

Example: Movement of metal presses up and down inside a dry cylinder will be damaging to the engine<\/p>

There are important steps to keep the engine in good condition.<\/p>

There is little friction, which makes sense that the engine should put a little effort to keep it running. So, this means that it is able to work with less fuel that can run at a lower temperature. This means reducing engine parts. Therefore, the engine should be filled with clean engine oil and it has high technical specifications in order to work well.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Lubrication system<\/u><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

The engine lubrication system is a flow of clean oil at a precise temperature, with appropriate pressure on each part of the engine. The oil in the pump is absorbed from the tank, and through the oil filter the pressure is fed to the main lubrication chairs and also to the oil pressure gauge. The oil passes through the main lubrication chairs and feeds holes in the walled passages in the elbow and into the connecting shaft chairs. Piston wall and cylindrical wall chairs get good viscosity oil and are dispersed by a rotating elbow shaft. By the bottom ring in the plunger then the excess is scraped. Each camshaft chair is fed by the main supply corridor from a branch or tributary. Another branch provides gears or timing chains on the camshaft drive. Then the extra oil is drained back into the tank, where the heat is transferred to the surrounding air.\n\u00a0\natat,\u00e4t\n\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a at\n\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\n\u0641\u064a\nin, at, on, within, during, by\n\u0639\u0644\u0649\nto, at, in, upon, onto\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\nat, with, near\n\u0625\u0644\u0649\nto, into, at, for, until, till\n\u0644\u062f\u0649\nto, with, at\n\u0646\u062d\u0648\ntowards, to, toward, at, across\n\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\nfor, owing to, of, at\n\u0627\u0633\u0645\n\u0622\u062a\nat, coming\n\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a at\n\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0631\n1\nexpressing location or arrival in a particular place or position.\nshe was constantly at the telex machine\n2\nexpressing the time when an event takes place.\nhis death came at a time when the movement was split\n\u0627\u0633\u0645\n1\na monetary unit of Laos, equal to one hundredth of a kip.\n4 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\n\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 at\nthere's nothing to laugh at!\n29 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Loading chairs for attachment column slides<\/u><\/p>

If the heat starts to reach the crankshaft loading chairs, the engine pressure will be too low and it will throw oil all over the engine. Unnecessary mist will overflow the rings and can cause the engine to use this oil. Chair surfaces can simply be replaced by restoring worn chair surfaces.<\/p>

\u00a0In a well maintained engine, the wear of the chair occurs immediately after the cold start due to the presence of less oil or no oil between the shaft and the chair. While sufficient auto oil is lubricated with a hydrodynamic lubrication system and stops the progression of chair wear.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Piston rings - cylinder<\/p>

Good sealant is provided to avoid leakage of air or fuel mixture by piston rings. Weaken in the oil pan during combustion and pressure from the combustion chamber. On the other hand, from the spill to the combustion zone, they keep the oil in the tank, where it will be burned and lost. Those cars that burn oil must be added a quarter of a kilo every 1500 miles burning because piston rings no longer prevent leaks properly.<\/p>

Hydrodynamic lubrication predominates in the center of the well-maintained cylinder wall and piston rings, and is necessary for less wear and less friction. The thickness of the oil membrane becomes variable and there may be minimal lubrication as the forwarding piston will stop at the top and bottom of the static point.<\/p>

For analyzing or achieving good head transfer from piston to cylinder, it is desirable to have the best sealant, minimum oil film thickness and minimum oil burn. The oil control ring maintains the minimum film thickness. This ring is located after the piston rings so that the excess oil is scraped directly into the tank. To lubricate the next loop, the remaining oil film on the cylinder wall through this loop will suffice.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

The deterioration of the oil is caused by the air mixture or the leakage of fuel that comes out of the combustion chamber into the oil pan. That is why the oil has to be changed frequently, oil change will still be necessary or could also become more important.<\/p>

Lubrication in the general sense<\/u><\/p>

System components<\/u><\/p>

Oil pan - carries the required oil for the lubrication system, provides a way to drain the oil through the oil plug and pump the oil pump and pickup tube.<\/strong><\/p>

Oil Pump - Provides a continuous supply of oil at sufficient pressure and quantity to provide adequate lubrication to the entire engine. The pump is operated either by the crankshaft, camshaft, distributor, or gear gear.<\/strong><\/p>

Pressure Regulator - usually an internal part of the oil pump assembly, relieves excess oil pressure by a spring and check valve.<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> : The function of the oil filter is to remove dust, dirt, sludge and water before it reaches the engine parts.<\/p>

Oil Corridors - Corridors for oil flow to various engine parts.<\/p>

Oil pressure indicator - A gauge or light to indicate oil pressure problems. The indicator is connected electrically to the oil pressure switch or the \"transmission unit\".<\/p>

Oil cooler - cools engine oil to reduce oxidation. Not all vehicles are equipped with this item.<\/p>

The oil level indicator - also known as a measuring stick, indicates the oil level in the oil container and sometimes contains information such as the manufacturer's recommended oil type. Some vehicles have an electronic sensor in the oil container to indicate low oil levels.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Oil route<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

The oil starts in the oil tank where it is drawn through the pickup screen and the tube, and it is pushed through the oil pump. The pressure relief valve bleeds off any excess oil pressure and redirects it back to the oil tank. The oil pump is directed to the oil filter where it is cleaned. And if the oil filter is too dirty, pressure will be built into the filter until the turning valve (which is in the filter) opens, and the oil is allowed to go to the engine without cleaning. From the filter, the oil makes its way through the oil galleries in the cylinder block to the main crankshaft bearings. It then flows through the hollow crankshaft to lubricate the connecting rod bearings. Other oil galleries bring the oil block to the top of the engine where camshaft bearings, lobes and valve levers are lubricated. On some motors, the push rods above the winches deliver oil to the rocker arms and valve legs.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

The oil returns to the oil pan through gravity. Drain passages in the head allow the accumulated oil to flow through it. Some of the oil returning to the tank hits the rotating crankshaft and is sprayed for the purpose of lubricating the piston, piston rings and cylinder walls.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Oil pump and pressure regulator<\/u><\/p>

The oil pump must provide a continuous supply of oil when supplied with sufficient pressure and in sufficient quantity to provide adequate lubrication to the entire engine. Capture the oil from the reserve in the oil container through the inlet screen and the capture tube. The oil is removed from the pump outlet to the pressure regulator valve (built-in pump). The clearance pads and oil holes in the engine restrict the flow of oil from the pump, resulting in pressure build-up. To reduce this pressure, the oil is returned to the oil container through the pressure regulator valve.<\/p>

We have two types of pumps<\/p>

A) Rotary type<\/p>

B) Type of gear<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

One of the gears is driven by an attachment shaft or camshaft. Because the oil cannot flow from the inlet to the outlet without being pressed by gears<\/p>

(The pumps are classified as positive displacement pumps).<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

When the oil pump starts to wear the oil, it can be bypassed again to the side of the inlet which leads to low oil pressure which leads to insufficient lubrication and parts failure.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Oil filters<\/p>

The function of the oil filter is to remove dirt, sludge and dust from the oil. The oil filters must be changed each time the engine oil is changed. The oil filters are designed to trap foreign particles suspended in the oil to prevent them from reaching the engine bearings and other parts. Modern engines use a full flow filter system. This means that all of the oil passes through the filter before it goes to the engine parts.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

The filter accomplishes the filtering task using a filter element made of folded paper (folded). Pleats provide a large filter area within a small container. If the filter becomes clogged, a special valve called the side valve will open and allow the oil to transfer to the engine parts without going through the filter. Another valve prevents the oil from draining out of the filter when the engine stops.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Filters come in different sizes and are categorized in micron ratings. The micron rating indicates how small the dirt particles are allowed to filter.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Determine the oil filter<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Oil filters are specified by a number printed on the outer metal casing and \/ or on the box the replacement filter comes in. You can refer to the number in the books or the database to know the intended application. Each oil filter manufacturer has their own numbering system.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

How to find the right oil filter for your car or app.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Look in the car owner's manual and \/ or service manual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0:Viscosity : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0635 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> ( SI ) <\/strong>\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u00d7 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> ( pa. S ) <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0632<\/strong> ( cp) <\/strong>\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u00d7 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> ( mpa .s ) <\/strong>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627” \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> : Engine wear : <\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

\u0623 \u2013 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

A- Piston ring and cylinder bore .<\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

1 \u2013 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a : ( \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong> ) <\/strong><\/p>

2 \u2013 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0637 ( \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong> ) .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627” \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/strong>” <\/strong>\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 ( \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0632 <\/strong>
( OM 352 A ) <\/strong>\u060c <\/strong>(Merceds Benz OM 352 A ) .<\/strong>\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong> ( CCMC)<\/strong><\/p>

\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong> D3 <\/strong>\u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong> OM364 A <\/strong>\u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/strong> ( CCMC: DU , D5 ) .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0628 \u2013 \u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong> : B \u2013 Valve train: <\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 ( \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 ) \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a <\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>

1 \u2013 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \/ \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

2 \u2013 \u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/strong> SAE <\/strong>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627” \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0651\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 )\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 .\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

3 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

3 \u2013 Main and big end bearing :<\/p>

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 <\/strong><\/p>

( over speeding) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 ( \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 ) \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0632\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>

Formulation and testing of engine crankase oils<\/p>

\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

Function of crankase oils :<\/p>

\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627” \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627<\/strong>” .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 ( \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f ) \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627”\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631<\/strong> ( lacquer ) <\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c\u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637<\/strong> ( viton rubbers ) .<\/strong>
( <\/strong>\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/strong> ) .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

Formulation of crankcase oils\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \/ 1930 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 20 % \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \/ 1990<\/strong> \/ .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

1 \u2013 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 : 1<\/strong> \u2013 Viscosity index improrers : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong> SAE J 300 <\/strong>\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u062c \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

: ( OCPS) Olefin Copolymers<\/p>

\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> ( PMAS ) Poly methaerylates : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong> Styren ISOPrene Copolymers :<\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 ( \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a ) \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/p>

2 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong> : detergents : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627<\/strong>” .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627” \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 . \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627” : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 ( \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a )\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627” \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \/ \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627” \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

3 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 : 3<\/strong> \u2013 dispersants :<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627<\/strong>” <\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627” \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a . \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627<\/strong>” :<\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0623\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/strong> ( <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/strong> black sludge ) <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a<\/strong> API SF <\/strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/strong> API SG <\/strong>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong>: : Anti \u2013 wear agents<\/strong><\/p>

\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/strong> ( black sludge ) .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a<\/strong> API SF <\/strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/strong> API SG<\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

4 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 : 4<\/strong> \u2013Anti \u2013 wear agents : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627” \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0648<\/strong> ( Zinc D ITHIAPHOSPHATES ) <\/strong><\/p>

( \u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 ) \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 ( \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong> ) ( Zincs ) \/ <\/strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/strong>” \/ .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627” \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627” \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

5 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/strong> : Anti \u2013 oxidants : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627”\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0638 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627” \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627”\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong> ( phynols and amines ) <\/strong>\u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> ( salicylates ) <\/strong><\/p>

6 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong> : Rust inhibitors : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627”\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

7 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/strong> : Anti \u2013 foam agents : <\/strong><\/p>

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627” \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627” \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <\/strong>
( silicone oils) <\/strong>\u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627<\/strong>” .<\/strong><\/p>

8 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643<\/strong> : Friction modifiers: <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong> CAF\u00c9 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0626\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 <\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

Vegetatable oils \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> Fatty esters <\/strong><\/p>

\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/strong> Castorail <\/strong>\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> Molybdenum compounds <\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> salicylates <\/strong>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627” \u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

9 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/strong> : Pour point depressants : <\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627”: \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627” \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> Polymethacrylates <\/strong>\u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> : Engine testing : <\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0636\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0636\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>

\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a . \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627” \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0636\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong> Dyramometer test <\/strong>\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627” \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u060c <\/strong><\/p>

\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627<\/strong>“: <\/strong>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong> ( European diesel engine tests + U.S.diesel engine tests)<\/strong><\/p>

(+ European gasoline engine tests + U.S. gasoline engine tests )<\/p>

\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 (\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 ) \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627” \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0627” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/strong> :<\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> final doble check <\/strong>\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

1 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633<\/strong> : Piston deposits : <\/strong><\/p>

2 – \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong> : engine wear : <\/strong><\/p>

3 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong> : sludg deposits : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong> : corrosion : <\/strong><\/p>

\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0644<\/strong> ( corrosion ) <\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 ( \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/strong> \/ <\/strong>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong> ) . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0626\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

5 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong> : Rusting : <\/strong><\/p>

6 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/strong> : inlet valve deposits : <\/strong><\/p>

7 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/strong> : Exhanst valve deposits : <\/strong><\/p>

\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 70 \u2013 80<\/strong> % <\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627” \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u0646 ( \u0645\u062b\u0644 : \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u060c \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0632\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627” \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>

\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062b\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a \u060c\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/strong> . <\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641<\/strong><\/p>

\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627” \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628<\/strong> .<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t



SAE-10
<\/u><\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <\/strong><\/p>

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/strong>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>

\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u00a0\u0636\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 <\/strong><\/p>

(\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629) .<\/strong>

<\/strong><\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 :<\/u><\/strong><\/p>


  • <\/u><\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/u><\/strong>.<\/u><\/strong><\/li>

  • <\/u><\/strong>\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

    .<\/u><\/strong>
    \u2022 <\/u><\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/u><\/strong>.<\/u><\/strong>

    <\/u><\/strong><\/p>

    • <\/u>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/u><\/strong>.<\/u><\/strong>

      <\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

      \u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

      \u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>


      <\/u><\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/u><\/strong><\/p>


      <\/u><\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/u><\/strong>.<\/u><\/strong>

      <\/u><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>

      <\/strong>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/strong>66\u00b0 C<\/strong><\/p>


      <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>0,89<\/strong><\/p>


      <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>>204\u00b0 C<\/strong><\/p>


      <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f <\/strong>-18\u00b0 C<\/strong><\/p>


      <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 C, Cst >4.1<\/strong><\/p>






      <\/strong><\/p>

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>


      <\/u><\/strong>SAE-30<\/u><\/strong><\/p>


      <\/u><\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <\/strong><\/p>

      \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0621 <\/strong><\/p>

      \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 <\/strong><\/p>

      (<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>

      \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong>).<\/strong>

      <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
      \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>


      • <\/strong>\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/li>

      • <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/li>

      • <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/strong>. <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>


        <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>


        <\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>

        <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>

        <\/strong>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/strong>66\u00b0 C<\/strong>
        <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>0,89<\/strong>
        <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>>204\u00b0 C<\/strong>
        <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f <\/strong>-18\u00b0 C<\/strong>
        <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 c <\/strong>(\u00a0 <\/strong>, Cst<\/strong> )\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a09.3 \u2013 12.5<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>




        SAE-40
        <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 <\/strong>\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c <\/strong><\/p>

        \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/strong><\/p>

        \u00a0\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>

        <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
        \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>


        • <\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

          \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0649<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>



          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
          MIL-L-2104 D,46152
          CCMC D-4,CRC L-38,CAT 1-H2
          API S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131CD\/SF

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/strong>66\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>0,889<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>>204\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 <\/strong>0\/0 ml<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 C, Cst 12.5 \u2013 16.3<\/strong>




          ——————————————————————————————

          <\/u><\/strong><\/p>

          \u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>


          SAE-50
          <\/u><\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0649<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
          MIL-L-2104 D,46152
          CCMC D-4,CRC L-38,CAT 1-H2
          API S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131CD\/SF

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/strong>66\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>0,89<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>>204\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 <\/strong>0\/0 ml<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 C, Cst 16.4 \u2013 21.4<\/strong>
          SAE-60
          <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0649<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>

          \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
          MIL-L-2104 D,46152
          CCMC D-4,CRC L-38,CAT 1-H2
          API <\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>CD\/SF<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/strong>66\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>0,892<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>>204\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627<\/strong>\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 100 \u0645 : 21.9 \u2013 26.9 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643<\/strong><\/p>

          \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/strong>0\/0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          SAE 15W-40<\/strong>

          <\/strong><\/p>

          \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a <\/strong>\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 <\/strong><\/p>

          \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/strong><\/p>

          \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648<\/strong><\/p>


          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong><\/p>


          \u00a0<\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>
          \u00a0<\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>

          \u00a0<\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/strong>
          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

          \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>


          \u00a0<\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>

          <\/strong><\/p>

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>


          <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
          API CI-4\/ CH-4\/ CG-4 \/ CF-4 \/ C<\/strong>F<\/strong>
          API SL\/SJ
          JASO DH-1 LEVEL
          MACK EO-M PLUS
          CUMMINS 20078\/20077\/20076
          CUMMINS 20072\/20071
          ALLISON C-4 (MEETS REQUIREMENTS )
          ACEA E5-02\/B3-98 ISSUE 2
          GLOBAL DHD-1
          VOLVO VDS-3\/VDS-2
          MB 228,3
          MAN M 3275
          MTU TYPE 2
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong><\/p>


          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 <\/strong>-27\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>216\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a<\/strong> (TBN) <\/strong>\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> (mgKOH\/gr) 11,3<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 15<\/strong>\u00b0 C, g\/cm3 0,889<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 C, Cst 14,4<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 <\/strong>139<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/strong>. <\/strong>

          SAE 20W-50
          <\/strong>\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong>. <\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0649<\/strong>.<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
          API CF-4 \/SG
          MIL-L-2104B\/C
          JOSO MA
          MB227
          CCMC-D2,6

          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 <\/strong>-24\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>221\u00b0 C<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a<\/strong> (TBN) <\/strong>\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> (mgKOH\/gr) 10<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 15<\/strong>\u00b0 C, g\/cm3 0,893<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 C, Cst 19,2<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 <\/strong>123<\/strong>

          <\/strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/strong>. <\/strong>
          SAE 10W-40
          <\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647<\/strong>. <\/strong>
          \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>
          \u00a0<\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>

          \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a <\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643<\/strong> SAE 10 W 40<\/strong><\/p>


          • <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 <\/strong>-30\u00b0 C<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>215\u00b0 C<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a<\/strong> (TBN) <\/strong>\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> (mgKOH\/gr) 7,8<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 15<\/strong>\u00b0 C, g\/cm3 0,874<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100<\/strong> \u00b0 C, Cst 15,2<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 <\/strong>155<\/strong>


            <\/strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/strong>. <\/strong>


            SAE 5W-30
            <\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>.<\/strong>

            <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/strong>
            \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647<\/strong>.<\/strong>
            \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0647<\/strong>.<\/strong>
            \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a<\/strong>.<\/strong>
            \u2022 <\/strong>\u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong>.<\/strong>
            \u2022 <\/strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>.<\/strong>

            <\/strong>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong>
            API CF-4 \/SG
            MIL-L-2104B\/C
            JOSO MA
            MB227
            CCMC-D2,6
            <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>

            <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 <\/strong>-39\u00b0 C<\/strong>
            <\/strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

            214\u00b0 C<\/strong>
            \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a (TBN) \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (mgKOH\/gr) 7,8
            \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 15\u00b0 C, g\/cm3 0,856
            \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 100 \u00b0 C, Cst 10,6
            \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 164

            <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0644 <\/strong>.<\/strong>

            <\/strong>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/strong>:<\/strong>

            1- <\/strong>\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/strong> .<\/strong>


            2- <\/strong>\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647<\/strong> .<\/strong>


            3- <\/strong>\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/strong> . <\/strong>


            4- <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f (\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0647 )\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> .<\/strong>


            5- <\/strong>\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>

            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>



            \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a :

            \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0632\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 200 \u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 .

            \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a 10 _ 20 _ 30 _ 40 _ 50 _ 60_ 70 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632 S.A.E \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a


            \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0644 <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/p>

            \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>

            \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u061f<\/p>

            \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062b \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>

            \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645.<\/p>

            \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062e \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644.<\/p>

            \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/p>

            \u00a0\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0626. \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a.<\/p>

            \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647.<\/p>

            \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u060c\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 PCV.\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a.<\/p>

            \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u061f<\/p>

            \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0629 – \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643.<\/p>

            \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/p>

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            \u0623\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>

            ———————————————————————-<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

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            \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/p>

            \u00a0Diesel Engine<\/p>

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            ……..<\/p>

            \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            …………..<\/p>


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            \u00a0<\/p>

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            ……. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

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            \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/p>

            \u00a0Diesel Engine<\/p>

            \u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/p>

            \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/p>


            \u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/p>

            \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 1-\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1:20 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u064a 2-\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 1:18 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 3-\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 30-55 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 4-\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 500- 750 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/p>


            \u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/p>

            \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/p>


            \u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/p>

            \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/p>

            ………….<\/p>

            \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>

            \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647<\/p>

            \u0627\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>


            …………………… \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a ( \u0628\u062e\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a )<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            1-\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 2-\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>

            \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/p>

            \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>

            …………………… \u0634\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u062a\u062c\u0647\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u062e )<\/p>

            \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>

            ……………… \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 (\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0629 )<\/p>

            \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 Diesel Engine<\/p>

            \u00a0<\/p>

            \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f (\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632)\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1892 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0630\u0648 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 (compresses ratio) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1:14 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1:25 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1:8 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1:12 \u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>

            \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u061f<\/p>

            \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0645) \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f ( \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0643 ) \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064f\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644:.<\/p>

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            \n\t\t\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            Share the page<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            Follow us on the social media pages<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFacebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTwitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYoutube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tInstagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPinterest<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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